The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition, Notes and Bibliography (or Chicago Footnotes) is a referencing style commonly used across the Schools of Philosophy & Theology and Arts & Sciences.
Within Arts & Sciences, the style is used in the following disciplines: English Literature, History, and Theatre Studies. It may also be used in Aboriginal Studies, Politics, Social Justice, and Sociology.
Chicago Manual of Style 18th edition footnotes is now available for download from the Endnote website. Follow this link to the Endnote guide for further instructions.
Chicago 18th: summary of key changes
See What's New in the 18th Edition for the comprehensive list.
PhD students and researchers still using Chicago 17th can view the guide to the 17th edition here, which includes links to the full Manual of Style.
Any time you use an idea or quote from another source, it should be acknowledged in a footnote, including the page number the quote or idea was retrieved from, as well as an entry in the bibliography.
The main components of Chicago Notes & Bibliography style are:
See introductory examples and explanations in the box below.
The relevant Chicago Manual of Style chapters are linked across many of the examples and notes throughout this guide so that more information can be located easily in the online manual.
First footnote
1. Sarah Elaine Eaton, ed., Second Handbook of Academic Integrity (Springer, 2024), 3.
Subsequent footnotes
First footnote
1. Sarah Elaine Eaton, ed., Second Handbook of Academic Integrity (Springer, 2024), 3.
Subsequent footnote
3. Eaton, Handbook of Academic Integrity, 5.
[13.35] Short form author names
[13.36] Short form titles
5. Murray Pittock, The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Romanticism (Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 75-76.
7. Pittock, Scottish Romanticism, 78.
[13.37] Successive citations
3. Murphy and Roberts, Dialectic of Romanticism: A Critique of Modernism (Continuum, 2004), 143.
4. Murphy and Roberts, 143.
5. Murray Pittock, The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Romanticism (Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 75-76.
6. Murphy and Roberts, Dialectic of Romanticism, 145.
7. Pittock, Scottish Romanticism, 78.
In the text, a superscript number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence, clause, or quotation. The number follows any punctuation mark except for a dash:
Murphy and Roberts claim "the Romantics gave priority to ... literature over technology."¹
1. Peter Murphy and David Roberts, Dialectic of Romanticism (Continuum, 2005), 79.
Bibliography
The bibliography includes full citation details, similar to the first footnote for all texts cited, as well as other particularly relevant texts that were consulted while researching the paper, but may not have been directly mentioned. Elements are separated by full stops.
Eaton, Sarah Elaine, ed. Second Handbook of Academic Integrity. Springer, 2024.
Basic principles of a bibliography
Murphy and Roberts claim "the Romantics gave priority to ... literature over technology."¹
Long quotations: The Chicago Manual of Style doesn't have a strict rule on the formatting of long quotations but generally a hundred words or more, or quoted material of more than one paragraph, can be off set as a block quotation. Block quotations are indented from the left margin, always start a new line, and are not enclosed in quotation marks.
First footnote
4. Sarah Elaine Eaton, ed., Second Handbook of Academic Integrity (Springer, 2024), 3.; Stella Cottrell, The Study Skills Handbook, 4th ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 21.
Subsequent footnotes
6. Eaton, Handbook of Academic Integrity, 53.; Cottrell, Study Skills Handbook, 26.
Bibliography
List citations separately, in alphabetical order by author's surname.
First footnote
9. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
Subsequent footnotes
21. Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification," 269, quoted in Costello, Marianne Moore, 78.
Bibliography
Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Harvard University Press, 1981.
Italics versus quotation marks for titles [8.168]
The use of italics or quotation marks for titles in the body of your text depends on the type of work you are referring to and follows the same rule that applies for footnotes/bibliography, i.e. italics for the larger/parent work (e.g. book or journal) and quotation marks for smaller works (e.g. book chapters, journal articles, newspaper articles etc).
Online
Print copy
For more bibliography entry examples, see the Chicago quick referencing guides.
The University Library provides students with free access to EndNote and RefWorks software.
Both have the same purpose: to make the management and formatting of references more streamlined. It is worth looking at both tools to determine which one could be right for you, depending on how you like to work.
The Library recommends that undergraduate and coursework students use RefWorks, and higher degree by research students and academic staff use EndNote.
Read more about the difference between EndNote and RefWorks.