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APA Referencing 7th Edition

Overview

This page provides examples for sources that don't fit into standard categories, often called Grey literature [9.21, 10.4]. Specialist materials for certain courses (e.g. Medicine, Nursing, Law) are also included. Have we missed anything? Let us know and we will add an example.

Common resources

Secondary references [8.6]: Secondary referencing is when you quote or paraphrase from a source which is mentioned in another text. This is discouraged in scholarly writing. Students should find the original source and interrogate its meaning directly. When an author’s work is presented through someone else’s eyes, it can impose an interpretation and understanding that is held by the second author rather than the meaning intended by the original author. In some cases, the second author may even be debunking the original or looking at it from a completely different perspective, and the variation in context may be missed by you, leading to a serious distortion in meaning,

If you wish to use secondary referencing, contact your lecturer or tutor: if they allow it, then follow the instructions below; if they do not allow it, find a different source for your discussion.

You must make it clear that you are citing a work that has been cited by another. The reference list entry should show the source you have actually read so, as per the example below, you would provide the details for Drew in the reference list, not Pea.

In-text

Pea (1985 as cited in Drew, 2019) found that... OR (Pea, 1985 as cited in Drew, 2019) OR Drew (2019) describes Pea's research undertaken in 1985...

Reference list

Drew, C. (2019). Re-examining cognitive tools: New developments, new perspectives, and new opportunities for educational technology research. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(2), i-v. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5389

University Course outline: PDF/Word document on Blackboard

In-text
The University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Nursing and Midwifery (2022)

Reference list

The University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Nursing and Midwifery. (2022). Course outline NURS2005: Clinical therapeutics 2. Blackboard. https://learnit.nd.edu.au/

PowerPoint slides [10.14]: When the slides are available online to anyone, provide the site name on which they are hosted in the source element of the reference, followed by the URL of the slides. If the slides contain citations to information published elsewhere, and you want to cite that information as well, then it is best to find, read, and cite the original source yourself rather than citing the slides as a secondary source. If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

 

PowerPoint slides - online

In-text
(Malik, 2016) OR Malik (2016)

Reference list

Malik, G. F. (2016). Academic writing and publishing. [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/FareedMalik1/academic-writing-and-and-publishing

 

Lecture slides [10.14]: When the slides have been sourced from an online learning management system (e.g. Blackboard), provide the name of the site and its URL. Use the login page URL for sites requiring login.


Lecture slides: retrieved from Blackboard

In-text
(Hay, 2018) OR Hay (2018)

Reference list

Hay, B. (2018). NURS3020: Understanding research methods in health informatics [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://learnit.nd.edu.au/

 

Lecture recordings: When the lecture have been accessed using an online learning management system (e.g. Blackboard), provide the name of the site and its URL. Use the login page URL for sites requiring login.. For lectures that are hosted on external platforms such as YouTube or SoundCloud, see the information in the video & audio section of this guide.


Blackboard lecture recording

In-text
(McCall, 2021) OR Patman (2021)

Reference list

McCall, M. (2021, March 13). COMM1060: Week 2 lecture [Lecture recording]. Blackboard. https://learnit.nd.edu.au/

To document experiences or works that a reader cannot retrieve, we recommend citing them as a personal communication. However, if the tutorial /lecture has an associated webpage, Blackboard resources, or other online documentation, you can create a reference to those retrievable works. The reference format will depend on the type of work.

Encyclopaedias and dictionaries [10.2]: Encyclopaedias and dictionaries are formatted similarly to chapters in edited books but without page numbers. If there is no author listed for the individual entry, list the title of the entry in place of the author, and enclose the entry name in quotation marks for the in-text reference.

Online encyclopaedia

In-text
(Fiala, 2018) OR Fiala (2018)

Reference list

Fiala, A. (2018). Pacifism. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/pacifism/


Print encyclopaedia

In-text
("Causality," 2001) OR "Causality" (2001)

Reference list

Causality. (2001). In J. M. Last (Ed.). A dictionary of epidemiology (4th ed., p. 26). Oxford University Press.


Online dictionary

In-text
("Ethnography," 2004) OR "Ethnography" (2004)

Reference list

Ethnography. (2004). In C. Barker, The SAGE dictionary of cultural studies. https://www.search.credoreference.com


Print dictionary

In-text

("Baroque", 2004) OR "Baroque" (2004)

Reference list

Baroque. (2004). In B. Moore (Ed.). The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Grey literature

Reports [9.7, 10.4]: Look at the report carefully to determine the author. Reports are often written by organisations or corporate authors. For example, the author of an annual report is usually the organisation that produced it. The author information for a page on an organisation's website or government agency website may be located on the "about us" or acknowledgements page. If you cannot determine the author, treat the report as having no author and follow the rules for no author. Where the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the source element. 

Report - online

In-text
(Cancer Council Western Australia, 2019) OR Cancer Council Western Australia (2019)

Reference List

Cancer Council Western Australia. (2019). Finance and governance report. https://www.cancerwa.asn.au/resources/2019-11-04-CCWA-Finance-and-Governance-Report-2018-19.pdf

PDF documents [10.4]: Titles of "standalone" documents (e.g. PDF, Word, PowerPoint, or other document formats) on a website are italicised. Standalone documents in this context are resources that do not fall into standard categories, including reports, presentations, white papers and other grey literature.
If the document is from a task force or working group, capitalise the name, treat it as a proper noun and list it as a group author. If the report lists the name of individuals on the cover page or title page of the work treat the reference  as having individual authors, and include the name of the group as the publisher.
 

PDF (or standalone document) found on website

In-text
(Government of Western Australia, Department of Health, 2020) OR Government of Western Australia, Department of Health (2020)

Reference list

Government of Western Australia, Department of Health. (2020, 23 March). Coronavirus (COVID-19): Frequently asked questions. https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Corporate/general%20documents/Infectious%20diseases/PDF/Coronavirus/coronavirus-faqs.pdf​

PDF documents on intranet [8.8]: Some works are accessible only by certain audiences, like when an employee cites resources from an organisation's intranet when writing an internal document. These resources are accessible by other employees of that organisation but not by the general public, one example being a hospital's Accident and Emergency department procedure. When referencing such an internal document, it should follow the report formats shown in Section 10.4.

If that organisation's intranet requires users to log in, "provide the home page URL of the intranet rather than the full URL" of the internal document. "However, if the work is for professional publication or intended for a wider audience who will not have access to these sources (i.e., the...intranet), cite the sources as personal communications."

 

PDF (or standalone document) found on intranet

In-text
(Government of South Australia, SA Health, 2021) OR Government of South Australia, SA Health (2021)

Reference list

SA Health. (2021, April 1). Accident & emergency department protocols: Frequently asked questions (Publication No. 123). Government of South Australia. https://sahealth2021.sharepoint.com

Government documents [9.10, 9.11,10.4]: When a number of government agencies are listed as the author, use the  most specific organisation responsible for the report as the author in the reference. The name of the parent organisation appears in the reference as the publisher. Organisations listed as the author are not listed again as the publisher. 
If the document is a report from a task force or working group, capitalise the name, treat it as a proper noun and list it as a group author. If the report lists the name of individuals on the cover page or title page of the work treat the reference  as having individual authors, and include the name of the group as the publisher.


Government website

In-text
(Corruption and Crime Commission, 2018) OR Corruption and Crime Commission (2018)

Reference list

Corruption and Crime Commission. (2018, 21 March). Review of police response to an incident in a country town where excessive force was used and an arrested person's details not recorded. Government of Western Australia. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-627375476​


Government report

First in-text citation
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2010) OR Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2010)

Subsequent in-text citations

(AIHW, 2010) OR AIHW (2010)

Reference list

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). 2010 pandemic vaccination survey: Summary results (Cat. No. PHE 128). https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-care-quality-performance/2010-pandemic-vaccination-survey-summary-results/contents/summary

Preprints [10.8]: Preprints are manuscripts published ahead of peer review. This is increasingly common in the medical and biological sciences, allowing for rapid feedback and reporting on findings.  Preprints can be find in dedicated repositories as well as some journals. Refer to the final published version of the source you have used. Include the DOI or URL, whichever is available.

 

In-text

(Tillman, 2020) OR Tillman (2020)

Reference list

Tillman, G. (2020). Disordered social media use and fear of COVID-19 and the association with stress and depression. PsyArxiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dbg62

Theses and dissertations [9.30, 10.6]: How theses and dissertations are referenced depends upon whether it is an published or unpublished document. Published theses are usually in an electronic format in a database such as ProQuest or a university repository or personal website. Unpublished theses are usually only available in print form. 

Published theses held in a database or electronically: Use the following format to reference an published theses: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation or theses (Publication number or accession number if provided) [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Name of Institution awarding the degree]. Database name. URL address beginning https://xxxx
Unpublished printed theses: Treat a printed dissertation or thesis as a book. A reference to an unpublished printed dissertation or thesis should include the following elements: Author, A. A. (Year). Title [type of thesis or dissertation]. Name of Institution.


Theses & dissertations - from database

In-text
(Buxton, 2020) OR Buxton (2020)

Reference list

Buxton, L. (2020). Yurunnhang Bungil Nyumba: Infusing Aboriginal ways of being into teaching practice in Australia [Doctor of Education, University of Notre Dame Australia]. ResearchOnline@ND. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/248/


Theses & dissertations - print

In-text
(Gavranich, 2011) OR Gavranich (2011)

Reference list

Gavranich, P. (2011). Perspectives of women in leadership roles: Working through the change [Postgraduate thesis]. University of Notre Dame Australia.

Conferences and works with specific locations [9.31, 10.5]: Conference sessions and presentations include paper presentations, keynote addresses and symposium contributions. Meetings and seminars may be published in different formats and the reference should follow the style for the format used. Include a label in square brackets after the title that matches how the presentation was described at the conference. Include all authors listed as contributing to the presentation even if not physically present at the conference. Conference presentations should include the location: provide the city and state/province/territory as well as the country. Give the full date range of the conference, including month and year to help with retrieval.
Published:  If the proceedings are published as a separate book, use the style for a chapter in a book. If the proceedings are published annually as a journal, use the style for journal articles .
Online: If the proceedings are available online (not in an online journal or eBook), use the following format: Presenter/Contributor, A. A., & Presenter/Contributor, B. B. (Year, Month, date of conference). Title of contribution [Type of contribution]. Conference Name, Location. https://doi.org/xxxx or https://xxxx

Conference proceedings - published

In-text
(Baxter et al., 2018) OR Baxter et al. (2018)

Reference list

Baxter, G., Finch, N., & Murray, P. (Eds.). (2018, August 30-September 1). Advances in conservation through sustainable use of wildlife: Proceedings of a conference held in Brisbane, Australia. University of Queensland.


Conference paper presentation - online

In-text
(Klimenko et al., 2019) OR Klimenko et al. (2019)

Reference list

Klimenko, V., Tereshin, A., & Mikushina, O. (2019, January). Increase of energy potential of Russian forest resources due to climate change and CO2 fertilization. [Conference proceeding]. E3S Web of Conferences. https://doi:10.1051/e3sconf/201910302005

Brochures, pamphlets or flyers [10.4]: follow the same format as report references. Include the appropriate description “[Brochure]” in square brackets after the title of the item. Provide as much information as needed for the reader to locate the original source of the material.

Pamphlets, Brochures and Factsheets

In-text
(Australian Government, Department of Health 2020) OR Australian Government, Department of Health (2020)

Reference list

Australian Government, Department of Health (2020, 6 March). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Information for universities, higher education and vocational education facilities, their students and staff [Fact sheet version 10]. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-universities-higher-education-and-vocational-education-facilities

Posters

In-text
(Australian Government, Department of Health 2020) OR Australian Government, Department of Health (2020)

Reference list

Australian Government, Department of Health (2020, 2 March).  Coronavirus (COVID-19): Know the signs [Poster]. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-know-the-signs

Archival Documents and Collections: Archival sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in-house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents, as well as such nontextual materials as photographs and apparatus, that are in the personal possession of an author, form part of an institutional collection, or are stored in an archive.

The general format for the reference for an archival work includes the author, date, title, and source. Follow the principles listed in the guide below to creating references for archival documents and collections which are not avilable on the open web or via a database

Australian Bureau of Statistics document

First in-text citation
(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2018) OR Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2018)

Subsequent in-text citation

(ABS, 2018) OR ABS (2018)

Reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Marriages and divorces, Australia, 2018 (Cat. No. 3310.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3310.0

Dataset - with DOI

In-text
(Grigg, 2006) OR Grigg (2006)

Reference list

Grigg, G.C. (2006). Red kangaroo counts [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2014.170


Dataset - without DOI

In-text
(Australian Health Policy Collaboration, 2017) OR Australian Health Policy Collaboration (2017)

Reference list

Australian Health Policy Collaboration. (2017). Australia's Health Tracker Atlas: Data by Population Health Area (PHA) [Data set]. http://www.atlasesaustralia.com.au/ahpc/data.html

Specialist subject material

Chapter 11 of the APA Publication Manual provides guidance on referencing legal material but only provides US & United Nations examples (p. 355).

For this reason, all students, when asked to cite Australian legal materials using APA Style, should follow the examples given below for legislation and cases with further information provided in the AGLC referencing guide.


Legislation (Acts)

In-text

(Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 9) OR Section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)

Reference list

Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)

Legislation (Bills)

(Corporations Amendment (Crowd-Sourced Funding) Bill 2005 (Cth) s 5) OR Section 5 of the Corporations Amendment (Crowd-Sourced Funding) Bill 2005 (Cth)

Reference list

Corporations Amendment (Crowd-Sourced Funding) Bill 2005 (Cth)

Cases

In-text

(Malouf v AME Properties [2007]) OR Malouf v AME Properties [2007]

(Commonwealth v Tasmania (2013)) OR Commonwealth v Tasmania (2013)

Reference list

Malouf v AME Properties Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1616

Commonwealth v Tasmania (2013) 158 CLR 1

AusDI [10.3]:

For this resource, put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. Put the in-text entry in quotation marks. See the following example for guidance [updated 07/12/21]: 
Drug name. (n.d.). In Database name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of database. 

In-text

("Panadeine Forte", n.d.) OR "Panadeine Forte" (n.d.)

Reference list

Panadeine Forte. (n.d.). In AusDI. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://www.ausdi.com

Australian Medicines Handbook (AMH) [10.3]:

For this resource, put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. Put the in-text entry in quotation marks. See the following example for guidance [updated 07/12/21]: 
Drug name. (n.d.). In Database name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of database. 

In-text

(“Paracetamol”, n.d.) OR “Paracetamol” (n.d.)

Reference list

Paracetamol. (n.d.). In Australian Medicines Handbook. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://www.amh.net.au

BMJ Best Practice [10.3]:

Authors are listed at the end of each article PDF. For this resource, put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. See the following example for guidance: 
Author, A.A. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Database name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of article.

In-text

(Barnett, n.d.) OR Barnett (n.d.)

Reference list

Barnett, E. (n.d.). Measles infection. In BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved April 20, 2020 from https://bestpractice.bmj.com

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [10.1]:

Treat articles from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews like an online journal. Do not include an issue number or pages. Include a DOI.

In-text

(Loetscher et al.,  2019) OR Loetscher et al. (2019)

Reference list

Loetscher, T., Potter, K. J., Wong, D., & das Nair, R. (2019). Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002842.pub3 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 [10.2]:

It is common to identify the title and edition of a diagnostic manual for the first in-text citation. Include a DOI for the reference list entry.

First in-text citation

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)

OR

American Psychiatric Association's (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5)

Subsequent in-text citations

(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) OR American Psychiatric Association (2013) 

Reference list

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 

eTG Complete [10.3]:

For this resource, put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. Put the in-text entry in quotation marks. See the following example for guidance [updated 07/12/21]:  
Therapeutic guideline (n.d.). In eTG Complete. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of database.

In-text

("Lyme disease", n.d.) OR "Lyme disease" (n.d.)

Reference list

Lyme disease. (n.d.). In eTG Complete. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://www.tg.org.au

JBI CONnNECT+ [10.3]:

All JBI publications are cited in a conventional manner with originating authors. List the publication type in square brackets. If there is no author listed, cite The Joanna Briggs Institute as the author. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of database.
Author, A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle [Type of document]. The Joanna Briggs Institute. URL.

In-text

(Picot, 2020) OR Picot (2020)

Reference list

Picot, E. (2020). Cellulitis: Management [Recommended practice sheet]. The Joanna Briggs Institute. http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/

UptoDate [10.1]:

Authors are listed at the top of each article. Put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. See the following example for guidance [updated 07/12/21]:  
Author, A.A. (Year of last update). Title of entry. Database name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of article.

In-text

(Perreault, 2019) OR Perreault (2019)

Reference list

Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. In UptoDate. Retrieved April 17, 2020 from https://uptodate.com

NPS MedicineWise [10.3]:

For this resource, put (n.d.) in the place of the regular date location, and include a retrieval date. Put the in-text entry in quotation marks. See the following example for guidance: 
Drug name. (n.d.). In Database name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of database. 

In-text

("Diabex", n.d.) OR "Diabex" (n.d.)
Reference list

Diabex (n.d.). In NPS MedicineWise. Retrieved December 7, 2021 from https://www.nps.org.au/

The Indigenous Knowledge Attribution Toolkit (IKAT) prompts critical thinking about the politics of knowledge and its relationship to students and researchers. It encourages ethical and relevant research that recognises Indigenous research priorities. While following APA style for citations, the Toolkit aims to enhance the research process by fostering criticality and robustness when attributing and citing Indigenous knowledges.

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